Quantum Theory and the Atom | My Journey In Science 4

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We discussed about the Quantum Theory and The Atom. Before we started our teacher asked us to give him our answers on our previous activity and after that we discussed about Lesson 7 which is the Quantum Theory and The Atom. 

Bohr's Model of the Atom


I learned that Bohr predicted that the energy levels of atoms larger than hydrogen atom could hold a certain number of electrons at a time. 

1 energy level has 2 electrons, 2 energy level has 8 electrons, 3 energy level has 18 electrons, and 4 energy level has 32 electrons. 


The lowest energy level or energy state that an electron normally occupies is called Ground State. And when a substance is strongly heated, the atoms absorb energy and the electron will energy supplied from an external source; it then becomes excited and will go to the highest energy state farthest from the nucleus. This time electron is said to be in excited state.



Atomic Orbitals

Orbitals are usually illustrated as electron clouds. Atomic Orbitals, sometimes called as sublevel, have characteristic shape, size, and energy.  The different orbitals are labeled with different letters: s, p, d, f.

s orbital (sharp)- it is a spherical cloud that becomes less dense as the distance from the nucleus increases.

p orbital (principal)- it is a dumbbell-shaped cloud, having two lobes on opposite sides of the nucleus. 

d orbital (diffused)- it is like a four-leaf clover, as an hour and as a ring.

f orbital (fundamental)- the f  orbitals are difficult to represent and too complex to visualize among them.




Electron Configuration

 

The probable distribution of electrons around the nucleus among the orbitals is called the electron configuration. Electron configuration is the shorthand representation on how each electron is arranged among the orbitals, levels, and sublevels based on the stated principles.

The electron configuration is represented by a number, letter, and the superscript.

I also learned that the electron configuration is using mnemonic table and the electrons occupying the highest energy level in an atom are called valence electrons.
  

The Quantum Numbers

Quantum Numbers are used to describe an electron in an orbit or atomic orbital, the region in space with he greatest possibility of finding the electron in an atom. 


  • The Principal Quantum Number (n) - designates the energy level of each atomic level in which the electron moves. 
  • The Azimuthal Quantum Number (l) - also called angular momentum number or subsidiary number, this one describes the way the electron moves around the nucleus.
  • The Magnetic Quantum Number (m-l) - describes the spatial orientation of an electron in a space or magnetic field.
  • The electron spin quantum number (m-s) - specifies the way the electron spin or rotates, either counterclockwise or clockwise, on its axis as it moves within the orbital.



That's it for today! Thanks for reading!

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